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<title>Tracking system</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Issue_tracking_system" title="Issue tracking system">Issue tracking system</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>tracking system</b> or <b>locating system</b> is used for <a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">tracking</a> persons or objects that do not stay in a fixed location, and supplying a time-ordered sequence of positions (track).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>A myriad of tracking systems exist. Some are 'lag time' indicators, that is, the data is collected after an item has passed a point for example, a <a href="Bar_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar code">bar code</a> or choke point or gate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are 'real-time' or 'near real-time' like <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning Systems</a> (GPS) depending on how often the data is refreshed. There are bar-code systems which require items to be scanned and other which have <a href="Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">automatic identification</a> (<a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> auto-id). For the most part, the tracking worlds are composed of discrete hardware and software systems for different applications. That is, bar-code systems are separate from <a href="Electronic_Product_Code" title="Electronic Product Code">Electronic Product Code</a> (EPC) systems and GPS systems are separate from active real time locating systems or <a href="Real-time_locating" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time locating">RTLS</a>. For example, a passive RFID system would be used in a warehouse to scan the boxes as they are loaded on a truck - then the truck itself is tracked on a different system using GPS with its own features and software.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major technology “silos” in the supply chain are:

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution/warehousing/manufacturing">Distribution/warehousing/manufacturing</h3></div>

<p>Indoors assets are <a href="Asset_tracking" title="Asset tracking">tracked</a> repetitively reading e.g. a barcode,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any passive and active <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a>, then, feeding read data into Work in Progress models (WIP) or Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) or ERP software. The readers required per choke point are meshed auto-ID or hand-held ID applications.

</p><p>However, tracking could also be capable of providing data monitoring without being bound to a fixed location by using a cooperative tracking capability such as an <a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">RTLS</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yard_management">Yard management</h3></div>

<p>Outdoors mobile assets of high value are tracked by choke point,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

802.11, <a href="Real-time_locating" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time locating">Received Signal Strength Indication</a> (RSSI), Time Delay on Arrival (TDOA), active RFID or GPS Yard Management; feeding into either third party yard management software from the provider or to an existing system. Yard Management Systems (YMS) couple location data collected by RFID and GPS systems to help supply chain managers to optimize utilization of yard assets such as trailers and dock doors. YMS systems can use either active or passive RFID tags.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_management">Fleet management</h3></div>

<p><a href="Fleet_management" title="Fleet management">Fleet management</a> is applied as a <a href="GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">tracking application using GPS</a> and composing tracks from subsequent vehicle's positions. Each vehicle to be tracked is equipped with a GPS receiver and relays the obtained coordinates via <a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> or <a href="Satellite_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite network">satellite networks</a> to a home station.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleet management is required by:

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<ul><li>Large fleet operators, (vehicle/railcars/trucking/shipping)</li>

<li>Forwarding operators (containers, machines, heavy cargo, valuable shippings)</li>

<li>Operators who have high equipment and/or cargo/product costs</li>

<li>Operators who have a dynamic workload</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person_tracking">Person tracking</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating system</a>, <a href="Targeted_surveillance" title="Targeted surveillance">Targeted surveillance</a>, <a href="Cell_phone_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone surveillance">Cell phone surveillance</a>, and <a href="Digital_contact_tracing" title="Digital contact tracing">Digital contact tracing</a></div>

<p>Person tracking relies on <a href="Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifiers</a> that are temporarily (<a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> tags) or permanently assigned to persons like <a href="Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">personal identifiers</a> (including <a href="Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> identifiers), or <a href="National_identification_number" title="National identification number">national identification numbers</a> and a way to sample their positions, either on short temporal scales as through GPS or for <a href="Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> to keep track of a state's <a href="Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> or <a href="Temporary_resident" title="Temporary resident">temporary residents</a>. The purposes for doing so are numerous, for example from <a href="Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a> and <a href="Public_security" title="Public security">public security</a> to <a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attendance_management">Attendance management</h4></div><p>

Mobile phone services</p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Mobile phone tracking</a></div>

<p><a href="Location-based_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Location-based services">Location-based services</a> (LBS) utilise a combination of <a href="A-GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="A-GPS">A-GPS</a>, newer GPS and cellular locating technology that is derived from the <a href="Telematics" title="Telematics">telematics</a> and telecom world. <a href="Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">Line of sight</a> is not necessarily required for a location fix. This is a significant advantage in certain applications since a GPS signal can still be lost indoors. As such, A-GPS enabled cell phones and <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> can be located indoors and the handset may be tracked more precisely. This enables non-vehicle centric applications and can bridge the <a href="Indoor_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor location">indoor location</a> gap, typically the domain of <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> and <a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating system</a> (RTLS) systems, with an off the shelf cellular device.

</p><p>Currently, A-GPS enabled handsets are still highly dependent on the LBS carrier system, so handset device choice and application requirements are still not apparent. Enterprise system integrators need the skills and knowledge to correctly choose the pieces that will fit the application and geography.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div>

<p>In the life sciences, animal tracking leverages a range of technologies to gather time-resolved data on animal identities, movement, and other behaviors in both wild and controlled environments with minimal human interference. For example, GPS telemetry systems log an animal's location at regular intervals locally<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, while satellite tags transmit location data remotely<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Acoustic tags that communicate with underwater receiver arrays enable passive or active tracking of marine animals<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. RFID tags also enable contactless identification and behavioral monitoring<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. For smaller species, including social insects, barcode-based tracking systems allow automated identification and monitoring of hundreds of individuals simultaneously<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. These technologies vary in spatial and temporal resolution, data volume and handling, energy requirements, and operational range, but have in common that they enable scalable, long-term monitoring of animal movement across diverse environments and biological scales.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_requirements">Operational requirements</h2></div>

<p>Regardless of the tracking technology, for the most part, the end-users just want to locate themselves or wish to find points of interest. The reality is that there is no "one size fits all" solution with locating technology for all conditions and applications.

</p><p>Application of tracking is a substantial basis for <a href="Vehicle_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle tracking">vehicle tracking</a> in fleet management, <a href="Asset_management" title="Asset management">asset management</a>, individual navigation, social networking, or mobile resource management and more. Company, group or individual interests can benefit from more than one of the offered technologies depending on the context.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS_tracking">GPS tracking</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">GPS tracking</a></div>

<p><a href="GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> has global coverage but can be hindered by line-of-sight issues caused by buildings and urban canyons; <a href="Map_matching" title="Map matching">Map matching</a> techniques, which involve several algorithms, can help improve accuracy in such conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFID is excellent and reliable indoors or in situations where close proximity to tag readers is feasible, but has limited range and still requires costly readers. RFID stands for <a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio Frequency Identification</a>. This technology uses electromagnetic waves to receive the signal from the targeting object to then save the location on a reader that can be looked at through specialized software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Warner''2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Warner''2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time_locating_systems_(RTLS)">Real-time locating systems (RTLS)</h3></div>

<p><a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">RTLS</a> are enabled by <a href="Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a> systems (according to <a href="IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a>) or other <a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> systems (according to <a href="IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15</a>) with <a href="Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">multilateration</a>. Such equipment is suitable for certain confined areas, such as campuses and office buildings. RTLS requires system-level deployments and server functions to be effective.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_virtual_space">In virtual space</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Virtual_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual space">virtual space</a> technology, a tracking system is generally a system capable of rendering virtual space to a human observer while tracking the observer's <a href="Coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinates">coordinates</a>. For instance, in dynamic <a href="Virtual_auditory_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual auditory space">virtual auditory space</a> simulations, a head tracker provides information to a central processor in real time and this enables the processor to select what functions are necessary to give feedback to the user in relation to where they are positioned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Additionally, there is <a href="Vision-based_motion_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision-based motion capture">vision-based trajectory tracking</a>, that uses a color and depth camera known as a <a href="Kinect" title="Kinect">KINECT</a> sensor to track 3D position and movement. This technology can be used in traffic control, human-computer interface, video compression and robotics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Data_logger" title="Data logger">Data logger</a></li>

<li><a href="Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li>

<li><a href="GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">GPS tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_Mail_barcode" title="Intelligent Mail barcode">Intelligent Mail barcode</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_geolocation" title="Internet geolocation">Internet geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Locating_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Locating engine">Locating engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">Location-based service</a></li>

<li><a href="MAC_address_anonymization" title="MAC address anonymization">MAC address anonymization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">Multilateration</a></li>

<li><a href="Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">Positional tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_locating" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time locating">Real-time locating</a></li>

<li><a href="RFID_in_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID in schools">RFID in schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_tracking_system" title="Vehicle tracking system">Vehicle tracking system</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlockJonsenJorgensenWinship2011" class="citation journal cs1">Block, B. A.; Jonsen, I. D.; Jorgensen, S. J.; Winship, A. J.; Shaffer, S. A.; Bograd, S. J.; Hazen, E. L.; Foley, D. G.; Breed, G. A.; Harrison, A.-L.; Ganong, J. E.; Swithenbank, A.; Castleton, M.; Dewar, H.; Mate, B. R. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10082">"Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>475</b> (7354): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>90. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10082">10.1038/nature10082</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21697831">21697831</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHusseyKesselAarestrupCooke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hussey, Nigel E.; Kessel, Steven T.; Aarestrup, Kim; Cooke, Steven J.; Cowley, Paul D.; Fisk, Aaron T.; Harcourt, Robert G.; Holland, Kim N.; Iverson, Sara J.; Kocik, John F.; Mills Flemming, Joanna E.; Whoriskey, Fred G. (2015-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255642">"Aquatic animal telemetry: A panoramic window into the underwater world"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>348</b> (6240) 1255642. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255642">10.1126/science.1255642</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068859">26068859</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonKelly2022" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Natasha Dean; Kelly, Ella L. (2022-10-27). Zhu, Zhiyuan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9612574">"Affordable RFID loggers for monitoring animal movement, activity, and behaviour"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (10): e0276388. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1776388H">2022PLoSO..1776388H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0276388">10.1371/journal.pone.0276388</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9612574">9612574</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36302036">36302036</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGernatRaoMiddendorfDankowicz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gernat, Tim; Rao, Vikyath D.; Middendorf, Martin; Dankowicz, Harry; Goldenfeld, Nigel; Robinson, Gene E. (2018-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816157">"Automated monitoring of behavior reveals bursty interaction patterns and rapid spreading dynamics in honeybee social networks"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>115</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1433–</span>1438. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.1433G">2018PNAS..115.1433G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1713568115">10.1073/pnas.1713568115</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816157">5816157</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29378954">29378954</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJafarlouNaderi2022" class="citation arxiv cs1">Jafarlou, Minoo; Naderi, Hassan (2022). "Improving Fuzzy-logic based map-matching method with trajectory stay-point detection". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02881">2208.02881</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG">cs.LG</a>].</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Warner''2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Warner''2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner2007"><i>Warner</i> 2007</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822082432/http://www.rfidjournal.com/site/faqs#Anchor-What-363">"RFID"</a>. RFID Journal LLC. 20 February 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfidjournal.com/site/faqs#Anchor-What-363">the original</a> on 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJuradoPalaciosFlores2012" class="citation book cs1">Jurado, Francisco; Palacios, Guillermo; Flores, Francisco (November 2012). "Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking on the 3D Virtual Space for a Quadrotor". <i>2012 IEEE Ninth Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCERMA.2012.13">10.1109/CERMA.2012.13</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4673-5096-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2874317">2874317</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNield" class="citation magazine cs1">Nield, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/google-tracks-you-privacy/">"All the Ways Google Tracks You—And How to Stop It"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avast.com/c-how-google-uses-your-data">"What Does Google Do With Your Data?"</a>. <i>What Does Google Do With Your Data?</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTHE_Journal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, R. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejournal.com/Articles/2008/10/01/Can-I-Come-In.aspx">"Can I Come in?"</a>. <i>THE Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">S4 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S6</span>. <q>New access-control devices are an important addition to the sophisticated work that one Texas school district is doing to protect its students.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWarner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, D. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol40/iss2/12/">"Call to Action: The Fourth Amendment, the Future of Radio Frequency Identification, and Society"</a>. <i>Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 854</i>. <b>40</b>. <q>Imagine a world where children all wear wristbands about the size of a Zippo lighter'-not as the newest fashion statement, but instead for security. These wristbands can transmit a signal with an effective range of over two football fields, narrowing down each child's position to within thirty feet. Furthermore, the system can track the children over a two square mile area surrounding their school. If a child walks off their path or does not make it to school on time, the centralized system automatically sends an e-mail or text message to the child's parents. ... In addition, cars near the children's school are fitted with the same technology, and if a vehicle drives near a child, a voice prompt will alert the driver ... While this scenario may seem fitting for the newest science fiction motion picture, the scene is reality in <a href="Yokohama_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokohama City">Yokohama City</a>, Japan</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJuradoPalaciosFlores2012" class="citation book cs1">Jurado, Francisco; Palacios, Guillermo; Flores, Francisco (2012). "Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking on the 3D Virtual Space for a Quadrotor". <i>2012 IEEE Ninth Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCERMA.2012.13">10.1109/CERMA.2012.13</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4673-5096-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2874317">2874317</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Navigation_and_positioning_systems105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">Navigation</a> and <a href="Positioning_system" title="Positioning system">positioning systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Positioning_system" title="Positioning system">Positioning systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Local positioning system">Local positioning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid positioning system">Hybrid positioning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">Positional tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">Navigation systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">Dead reckoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_navigation" title="Robot navigation">Robot navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Privacy271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Privacy271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Right_of_access_to_personal_data" title="Right of access to personal data">Right of access to personal data</a></li>

<li><a href="Expectation_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation of privacy">Expectation of privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">Right to be forgotten</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_privacy" title="Post-mortem privacy">Post-mortem privacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_law_in_Denmark" title="Privacy law in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">England</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz" title="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Protection_Act%2C_2012" title="Data Protection Act, 2012">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia" title="Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Data_Protection_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California</a>, <a href="California_Privacy_Rights_Act" title="California Privacy Rights Act">amended in 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data protection authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_the_Australian_Information_Commissioner" title="Office of the Australian Information Commissioner">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Danish Data Protection Agency">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Commission_nationale_de_l'informatique_et_des_libert%C3%A9s" title="Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Commissioner_for_Data_Protection_and_Freedom_of_Information" title="Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Protection_Board_of_India" title="Data Protection Board of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Data_Protection_Authority_Institute" title="Personal Data Protection Authority Institute">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Data Protection Commissioner">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Dutch Data Protection Authority">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Privacy_Commission" title="National Privacy Commission">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Polish Data Protection Commissioner">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Information_Protection_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Data_Protection_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Data Protection Authority">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_the_Personal_Data_Protection_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Personal Data Protection Committee">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Turkish Data Protection Authority">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Commissioner's_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_in_education" title="Privacy in education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Workplace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automotive_privacy" title="Automotive privacy">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Privacy_concerns_with_Facebook" title="Privacy concerns with Facebook">Facebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_concerns_regarding_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns regarding Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_concerns_with_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns with Twitter">Twitter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Email_privacy" title="Email privacy">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_data" title="Personal data">Personal data</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">Personal identifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Social networking services</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy-invasive_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li>

<li><a href="Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">Virtual assistant privacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Privacy_Lab" title="Data Privacy Lab">Data Privacy Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Privacy_Forum" title="Future of Privacy Forum">Future of Privacy Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Privacy_Professionals" title="International Association of Privacy Professionals">International Association of Privacy Professionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li>

<li><a href="Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</a></li>

<li><a href="PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">Search warrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">Wiretapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">Personality rights</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Tracking_system&oldid=1289595756">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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